TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONSTITUTION OF THE

TIMBISHA SHOSHONE INDIAN TRIBE

Inyo County

Death Valley, California

PREAMBLE

        We, the Timbisha Shoshone Indian Tribe, being a sovereign native people, in order to organize for our common good, to maintain and foster our tribal culture, to protect and conserve our land and natural resources, to promote the social, economic and general welfare of our people, to maintain peace and order, and secure the rights and powers inherent in our sovereign status, guaranteed to us by the laws of the United States, do hereby establish and adopt this document in accordance with the Indian Reorganization Act of June 18, 1934 (48 Stat. 984) as amended which from this time forward shall govern the Timbisha Shoshone Indian Tribe.

ARTICLE I
Name

        The name of this organization shall be the Timbisha Shoshone Indian Tribe, hereinafter referred to as “the Tribe".

ARTICLE II
Territory and Jurisdiction

ARTICLE III
Membership

         Section 1.
Membership in the Timbisha Shoshone Indian Tribe shall consist of the following:

        a. All persons who filed as Timbisha Shoshone Indians and were listed on the genealogy roll prepared as of March, 1978 and used to request federal acknowledgment and recognition of the Tribe;

        b. All persons who are lineal descendants of any person designated in subsection (a) above and who possess at least one-fourth (1/4) degree Indian blood of which one‑sixteenth (1/16) degree must be Timbisha Shoshone blood;

        c. All persons of Indian blood upon whom membership is conferred by adoption.

        Section 2.
        A person who has been allotted or given a land assignment on another reservation or is officially enrolled with or is a recognized member of some other tribe or band shall not be enrolled.

        Section 3.
        The official membership roll shall be prepared in accordance with an ordinance adopted by the tribal council. Such ordinance shall contain provisions for enrollment procedures, enrollment committees, application form, approval or disapproval of applications, rejection notices, appeals, corrections, adoptions, disenrollment procedures and provisions for keeping the roll on a current basis.

        Section 4.
        No person shall be enrolled as an adopted member of the Tribe unless he/she possesses at least one‑fourth (1/4) degree Indian blood and has been approved by a majority vote of the General Council.

        Section 5.
        Any person who wishes to withdraw from membership in the Tribe must submit his withdrawal in writing to the Tribal Council Chairperson who shall direct the enrollment committee to adjust its records accordingly.

        Section 6.
        The Tribal Council shall revoke membership status from any individual whom the enrollment committee has determined was erroneously, fraudulently or otherwise incorrectly enrolled.

ARTICLE IV
Governing Body

        Section 1.
        The powers of the government of the Tribe shall be divided into three distinct branches; the General Council, the Tribal Council and the Tribal Judiciary. No branch, group or person charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one of these branches shall exercise any powers belonging to one of the other branches, except as otherwise specified in this document.

        Section 2.
        The governing body of the Tribe shall be the General Council. The General Council shall consist of all tribal members sixteen (16) years of age or older. All members of the General Council shall be able to vote at all General council meetings and all tribal elections, referenda, initiatives, recalls and repeals.

        Section 3.
        In addition to the General Council, there shall be elected from the General Council, a Tribal Council. The Tribal Council shall be composed of five (5) persons elected by the General Council. The Tribal Council shall exercise, concurrently with the General Council, all powers delegated to it by the General Council in Article V of this document and otherwise vested in the Tribal Council by this document.

        Any member of the Tribe who is eighteen (18) years old or older shall be eligible to serve as a member of the Tribal Council, provided that not more than one additional immediate family member of any person already serving on the Tribal Council may serve on the Tribal Council. For purposes of this section, "immediate family member" shall mean mother, father, brother, sister, spouse or child.

ARTICLE V
Powers

        Section 1. General Council
        a. All powers of the Tribe shall be vested in the General Council, subject to any limitation imposed upon such powers by the laws of the United States, including those powers delegated to the Tribal Council and any such other powers as may in the future be granted or delegated to the Tribe by federal law.

        b. The General Council shall exercise its powers of self government through the initiative, referendum, repeal and recall powers as set forth in this document.

        c. The following powers shall be exclusively reserved to the General Council. No exercise of these powers by the Tribal Council or by any other agency or officer of the Tribe shall be effective unless the General Council has given its consent to such action in accordance with Article V of this document:

1. No sale, disposition, encumbrance of tribal lands, interest in lands or other Tribal assets shall be made without the consent of the General Council.
2. The power to regulate any tribal hunting or fishing rights.
3. The power to revoke, terminate or diminish a right reserved or delegated to the Tribe by federal law.
4. The power to grant or relinquish any tribal jurisdiction to any other government, political subdivision of a government agency, organization, association or person.
5. The power to waive the Tribe's immunity from suit.
6. The power to set compensation for Tribal Council members, officers and committee members, as it believes is advisable.
7. The power to reassume jurisdiction over juvenile matters pursuant to the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978, Public Law 95‑608, 92 Stat. 3069.

        All powers that are not expressly mentioned in this document or which are not expressly delegated in this document by the General Council to the Tribal Council or any other officer or agency of the Tribe, shall not be abridged but shall be reserved to the General Council.

        Section 2. Tribal Council
        The General Council hereby delegates to the Tribal Council the following enumerated powers subject only to those limitations imposed by this document and the laws of the United States:

        b. To employ legal counsel of its choice on behalf of the Tribe or for the benefit of tribal members and to fix the fees for such counsel in accordance with federal law;

        c. To make recommendations to the Secretary of the Interior or to his authorized representative with regard to all appropriation estimates for all projects which are for the benefit of the members of the Tribe, prior to the submission of such estimates to the Office of Management and Budget and Congress, or to the State of California;

        d. To borrow money from public and private sources and to pledge, mortgage or assign tribal assets except as provided in Sections 2, 3, 4, and 5 of this Article;

        f. To impose taxes on all persons, property and business activities located or conducted within tribal jurisdiction, provided no tax shall be imposed on real property held in trust by the United States of America;

        g. To regulate the use and development of all tribal lands, whether assigned or unassigned, and to manage, lease or otherwise use all unassigned tribal lands. Toward this end the Tribal Council shall, within one year of the effective date of this document, submit for approval to the General Council a land assignment and a land use law;

        h. To charter and regulate corporations, cooperatives, associations, special districts, housing authorities, educational and charitable institutions, political subdivisions and other entities;

        i. To license and regulate the conduct of all business activities within tribal jurisdiction;

        j. To establish business enterprises as branches or agencies of the tribal government and otherwise to engage in business activities and projects which promote the economic well being of the Tribe and its members;

        k. To purchase and to acquire in other ways land and other property;

        l. To condemn for tribal purposes real property or interest in real property within tribal jurisdiction, provided that the owners of assignments or property condemned by the Tribal Council shall be paid fair market value for the assignment or property and all improvements made thereon by the assignee or owner, and provided further that an assignee of condemned tribal lands shall be assigned alternative tribal lands of comparable condition and value; and provided further that no assignments shall be condemned without the approval of the General Council;

        m. To manage, develop, protect and regulate the use of water, minerals and all other natural resources within tribal jurisdiction;

        n. To enact laws, statutes and codes governing conduct of individuals and proscribing offenses against the Tribe; to maintain order; to protect the safety and welfare of all persons within tribal jurisdiction; and to provide for the enforcement of the laws and codes of the Tribe;

        o. To establish tribal courts or courts of Indian offenses from time to time as may be required, and to provide for the court or courts jurisdiction, procedures and a method for the selection of judges;

        p. To prescribe conditions under which non‑members may enter and remain on the reservation and to establish procedures for the exclusion of non‑members from any land within the Tribe's jurisdiction;

        q. To assert as a defense to lawsuits against the Tribe, the sovereign immunity of the Tribe, except that no waiver of sovereign immunity can be made by the Tribal Council without prior approval of the General Council;

        r. To regulate the domestic relations of members of the Tribe; to provide for the guardianship of minors and incompetent persons within tribal jurisdiction; to provide services for the peace, safety, health, education and general welfare of the members of the Tribe;

        s. To regulate the inheritance of all lands within tribal jurisdiction and all property owned by persons within tribal jurisdiction; and to provide for escheat of property to the Tribe, provided that no law, statute, code or ordinance governing the inheritance of property owned by tribal members shall be in violation of federal law;

        t. To enact ordinances consistent with this document establishing procedures for the nomination, election, removal and recall of tribal officers;

        u. To appoint, direct and set the compensation of a tribal business administrator or manager; and to establish policies and procedures for the employment of tribal personnel;

        v. Subject to any limitations contained in this document to delegate any powers vested in the Tribal Council to subordinate tribal officers, tribal employees or other appropriate persons;

        w. To take all actions which are necessary and proper for the exercise of the powers enumerated in this document and which are otherwise consistent with, and in furtherance of, tribal customs, traditions and beliefs, and any other powers which may hereafter be vested in the Tribal Council; and

        x. Except as provided in this document, to establish its own rules of procedures.

        Section 3. Reserve Powers of General Council
        The Tribal Council shall have all the appropriate powers necessary to implement specific provisions of this document and to effectively govern tribal affairs. All powers heretofore vested in the Tribe, but not specifically referred to in this document, shall not be abridged, but shall be reserved to the General Council.

        Section 4. Limited Power to Transfer Tribal Land Out of Tribal Ownership
        The Tribal Council shall not transfer land or interests therein out of tribal ownership by any means unless prior to any such transfer taking effect, such proposed transfer is approved by:

        a. A vote of two-thirds (2/3) of the General Council provided that at least forty‑five (45) people who are entitled to vote are present;

        b. The Secretary of the Interior; Provided, however, the Tribal Council may exchange land, prior to it becoming tribal land, however, such exchanges must be approved by a two‑thirds (2/3) vote of the General Council before the exchange.

        Section 5. Limited Power to Encumber Tribal Land
        a. Except as permitted by Subsection (b) of this Section, the Tribal Council shall not pledge, mortgage, lease or grant licenses to use land, (whether revocable or irrevocable) or otherwise encumber tribal land or interests therein unless it is approved by the Secretary of the Interior and by a vote of a majority of the General Council voting on the question, Provided that at least forty‑five (45) persons who are entitled to vote are present.

        b. The Tribal Council may authorize the following encumbrances by a vote of a majority of the entire Tribal Council;

1. Grants of permission to members of the Tribe and qualified non‑members in accordance with provisions of this document, to use specified portions of tribal land for residential, agricultural, commercial or industrial purposes.
2. Grants of rights-of‑way over tribal land or interests therein; for the purposes of providing municipal services, such as water, sewer disposal, electricity, telephone and roads, to and for the benefit of tribal members, or the heirs and descendants of tribal members who had a land use assignment or lease.

        Section 6. Limited Power to Develop Natural Resources
        The Tribal Council shall not develop on a commercial or industrial basis any natural resources of the Tribe without the consent of a majority vote of the General Council, provided that at least forty‑five (45) persons who are entitled to vote are present.

        Section 7. Principal of Construction
        Section 5, 6 and 7 of this Article shall not be construed to deny to the Tribal Council its governmental power and authority to regulate activities on tribal land for the Tribe's general welfare, including, but not limited to, zoning, the regulation of commercial ventures, fishing, hunting and other sports activities, and for the purpose of promoting the health, safety and welfare of tribal members and the conservation and protection of tribal resources.

ARTICLE VI
Elections

        Section 1.
        An election board, appointed by the chairperson and approved by the Tribal Council, shall supervise and administer all elections in accordance with the election ordinance enacted by the Tribal Council in accordance with this document, within three months of the effective date of this document.

        Section 2.
        Members of the Tribal Council shall be chosen by secret ballot, the form of which shall be established by the election ordinance enacted by the Tribal Council. The Tribal Council shall also make provisions in the election ordinance for absentee voting.

        Section 3.
        All present officials shall continue to hold office until the first general election date following the adoption and ratification of this document. The first election of Tribal Council members and officers of the Tribe under this document shall be held on the first general election date following the effective date of this constitution. Procedures for the first election shall be consistent with the provisions of this Article and the election ordinance, should it be established at that time, and be administered by the present officials. Thereafter all elections shall be conducted in accordance with this document and the election ordinance.
        At the first election held pursuant to this document, the two members receiving the highest number of votes shall hold office for (3) years and the remaining members shall hold office for two years. Thereafter, the candidate(s) receiving the highest number of votes shall fill the vacancy or vacancies for two year terms of office.

        Section 4.
        a. Any qualified member of the Tribe who desires that his or her name be placed on the ballot as a candidate for the Tribal Council shall file with the Tribal secretary a statement of intent stating his or her name and address.  Such statement shall be filed thirty (30) days prior to the next general election or special election.  If only one qualified member files a statement of intent for a tribal office, a special meeting of the General Council shall be convened for the purpose of taking nominations from the floor for a candidate or candidates for that office; however, no more than the first three (3) nominations will be accepted from the floor for any one position.

        b. General elections to vote for Tribal Council members shall be held annually on the second Tuesday of the month of November.  Notice of the general elections shall be posted by the secretary of the Tribal Council at least twenty (20) days before each such election at the Tribe's business office, the voting place, and in three or more additional public places,  In case the date of the general election should conflict with a holiday, the election shall be held on the following work day.

       c. All newly elected officials shall assume their offices thirty (30) days after the election in which they were elected.

       d. A tie vote shall be decided only by holding a general election within thirty (30) days from the date of the previous general election that resulted in a tie.  Only those receiving the same number of votes shall be candidates in the subsequent election.  The person receiving the highest number of votes for the particular office shall hold that office.

       Section 6.

       After the first election held under this document, Tribal Council members shall elect the following officers from the Tribal Council:

1. Chairperson;
2. Vice Chairperson: and
3. Secretary/Treasurer.

        The officers shall be elected by a majority vote and shall serve two year terms.

        After all subsequent Tribal Council elections, the Tribal Council members shall elect officers from the Tribal Council when the prior officer's term has expired or vacated.

ARTICLE VII
Duties of Officers

        Section 1.
        a. The Chairperson shall have the following duties:

1. To preside at all meetings of the Tribal and General Councils;
2. To vote at Tribal and General Council meetings only when it is necessary to break a tie vote;
3. Subject to the approval of the Tribal Council, to appoint all non‑elected officials and employees of the Tribal government and direct them in their work, subject only to applicable restrictions embodied in this document or in enactments of the Tribal Council establishing personnel policies or government personnel management;
4. Subject to the approval of the Tribal Council, to establish such boards, committees, or sub‑committees as the business of the Tribal Council may require and to serve as an ex‑officio member of all such committees and boards;
5. Subject to the approval of all contracts by the Tribal Council, to serve as a contracting officer or agent for the Tribe including the authority to retain legal counsel;
6. Subject to such regulations and procedures as may be prescribed by statute enacted by the Tribal Council and subject to approval by the Tribal Council, to grant pardons or restore Tribal members to eligibility for elective office in the Tribal government;
7. Subject to the approval of the Tribal Council to appoint tribal judges and tribal law enforcement officials as are from time to time required to assure the administration and enforcement of tribal laws;
8. The Chairperson shall hold no other Tribal office or engage in private remunerative employment which may pose a conflict of interest with the Tribe's enterprises or business activities during his term of office;
9. To prepare and cause to be published at least five (5) days before the meetings, an agenda for each General Council meeting. The agenda shall include, but not be limited to:
   
   a. A report by the Tribal Secretary/Treasurer on the finances of the Tribal government during the quarter immediately preceding the meeting; and,
   
   b. list of all the laws enacted by the Tribal Council during the quarter immediately preceding the meeting, with a short summary explaining each law. During the meeting the Tribal Council chair­person will ensure that this agenda, including the financial report, will be available for inspection by any member of the General Council upon request. All items on the agenda will be considered by the General Council before considering new matters from the floor.

        Section 2.
        The Vice-Chairperson shall, with the consent of the Tribal Council, in the absence of the Chairperson, perform all duties and assume all the responsibilities, vested in the chairperson. The vice chairperson shall, upon the request of the chairperson, assist in carrying out the duties of the chairperson. The vice-chairperson shall perform such other duties as the chairperson may direct.

        a. Call the roll, handle all official correspondence of the Tribal Council, keep the minutes of all regular and special meetings of the Tribal and General Councils, and certify to the Superintendent of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Central California Agency, the duly elected officers of the Tribal and General Councils within fifteen (15) days from the date of any election;

        b. Accept, keep and safeguard all funds under the exclusive control of the Tribe by depositing them in a bank insured by an agency of the federal government or in an IIM account or Tribal trust account with the Bureau of Indian Affairs, as directed by the Tribal Council and shall keep or cause to be kept an accurate record of such funds and shall report on all receipts and expenditures and the amount and nature of all funds in his or her custody to the Tribal and General Councils at regular meetings and at such other times as requested by either Council. The Secretary-Treasurer shall not pay or otherwise disburse any funds in the custody of the Tribal Council except when properly authorized to do so by the Tribal Council;

        c. At such times as the Tribal Council or General Council may direct, have the books and records of the Tribe audited by a competent independent auditor employed by the Tribal Council.

        d. Be present at all meetings of the Tribal and General Councils unless prevented by illness or circumstances beyond his or her control;

        e. Required to give a surety bond satisfactory to the Tribal Council if the Tribal Council so desires;

        f. Sign and approve all checks drawn on Tribal funds and all vouchers with at least one officer or designated check signer of the Tribe in accordance with a written procedure approved and adopted by the Tribal Council by resolution; and

        g. In the absence of the Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson, with the approval of the Tribal Council, the Secretary-Treasurer shall carry out the duties of the Chairperson.

        Section 5.
        The Tribal Council may require all responsible tribal officials and employees to be bonded, the person responsible for the cost of such bonding to be determined by the Tribal Council.

ARTICLE VIII
Meetings

        Section 1.
        All meetings of the General or Tribal Councils shall be open to all tribal members, except in those cases where the matter under discussion would invade the privacy of an individual tribal member.

        Section 2.
        All meetings of the Tribal Council shall be held in accordance with the following provisions:

            a. The Tribal Council shall meet at least once per month. The Council may schedule additional regular meetings as necessary, provided that it shall publish the schedule of all such meetings.

            b. A majority of the members of the Tribal Council shall constitute a quorum at all Council meetings. No business shall be conducted in the absence of a quorum.

            c. Special meetings of the Tribal Council may be called by the Chairperson or by any three (3) members of the Council. The notice in regard to any special meeting shall be given at least three (3) days prior to the meeting and shall specify the purpose of the meeting.

            d. Each member of the Tribal Council shall have one vote on all matters, and all matters to be acted on at a Tribal Council meeting shall be approved or disapproved by a majority vote of those present and voting, unless provided to the contrary in this document.

        Section 3.
        All meetings of the General Council shall be held in accordance with the following provisions:

            a. The annual General Council meeting shall be held on the last Saturday of October. The Tribal Council may set more frequent meetings of the General Council as necessary, provided it shall publish a schedule of all such meetings.

            b. Special meetings of the General Council may be called by the Tribal Chairperson or by any member of the General Council who submits a petition with ten (10) signatures of General Council members to the Tribal Council requesting a special meeting. The notice in regard to any special meeting shall be given at least three (3) days prior to the meeting and shall specify the purpose of the meeting.

            c. No business shall be transacted in the absence of a quorum. A majority of the voting members of the General Council shall constitute a quorum at all Council meetings.

ARTICLE IX
Enactments

        Section 1.
        All final decisions on matters of general and permanent interest to members of the Tribe shall be embodied in ordinances, such as an enrollment or an election ordinance. Such enactments shall be available for inspection by members of the General Council during normal office hours.

        Section 2.
        All final decisions on matters of short term or one time interest where a formal expression is needed shall be embodied in resolution. Other decisions of a temporary nature or relating to particular individuals, officials or committees shall be put in the form of motions and noted in the minutes and shall be available for inspection by members of the General Council during normal business hours.

        Section 3.
        All ordinances and resolutions shall be dated and numbered and shall include a certification showing the presence of a quorum and the number of members voting for and against the proposed enactment.

        Section 4.
        The General and Tribal Councils shall submit Tribal laws and enactments to the Secretary of the Interior for his review, com­ment and approval only when required to do so by federal law. Both the General and Tribal Councils may submit any Tribal law or enactment to the Secretary of the Interior for his review, com­ment and approval if they so desire when not required to do so by federal law. However, the failure of the General or Tribal Coun­cils to submit any Tribal law or enactment to the Secretary or the failure of the Secretary to approve any Tribal law or enactment, when approval is not required by federal law, shall in no way affect the legal validity of such Tribal law or enactment enacted pursuant to this document.

ARTICLE X
Vacancies

        Section 1.
        The Tribal Council shall declare a Tribal Council position vacant for any of the following reasons:

        a. When a Tribal Council member dies;

        b. When a Tribal Council member resigns;

        c. When a Tribal Council member is convicted of a crime that is classified as a felony by either state or federal law;

        d. When a Tribal Council member is removed from office;

        e. When a Tribal Council member is recalled from office.

ARTICLE XI
Removal and Recall

        Section 1. Removal
        Any member of the Tribal Council may be removed from office for any of the following reasons:

        a. Absence from regular Tribal or General Council meetings three (3) successive, unexcused times, or three (3) unexcused times in any twelve (12) month period;

        b. Conviction of a crime involving the moral character of the Tribal Council member;

        c. Neglect of duty;

        d. Misconduct in office.

        1. Any member of the Tribe can request removal of any Tribal Council member by submitting a written statement of charges to the Chairperson of the Tribal Council, or in the case of a request for removal of the Chairperson, to the Vice-Chairperson of the Tribal Council. Such written statement must be received by the accused Council member no later than ten (10) days before the next regular Council meeting at which he or she is to appear.

        2. At the next regular Tribal Council meeting following the submission of such written statement, the charging party shall present his or her allegations and proof against the accused member of the Tribal Council, and the accused member shall be given an opportunity to reply to all charges by presenting his or her allegations and proof to the Tribal Council.

        3. After hearing all the charges and proof presented by both sides, the Tribal Council shall take a vote on whether the accused member shall be removed from office. If a majority of the Tribal Council vote to remove the accused Council member, his or her seat shall be declared vacant. The Tribal Council member who is the subject of the removal request shall not vote nor serve in his or her capacity as a Tribal Council member in the removal proceedings.

        Section 2. Recall
        Every person elected to a position on the Tribal Council or who is an elected officer of the Tribe shall be subject to recall from such office by the General Council as follows:

        a. Any member of the Tribe may circulate one or more petitions among the eligible voters of the Tribe requesting a special recall election, which petition(s) shall contain the name(s) of the person(s) whose recall is sought and shall state the charges being preferred against such person(s) in 25 words or less. If one‑third (1/3) of the eligible voters of the General Council shall sign the petition(s), such petition(s) shall be presented to the Tribal Council Chairperson, or if charges are being preferred against the Tribal Council Chairperson, to the Vice-Chairperson of the Tribal Council.

         b. The Tribal Council Chairperson, or if charges are being preferred against the Tribal Chairperson, the Tribal Council Vice-Chairperson, shall then certify the validity of such signatures of eligible voters maintained by the Tribe. If the required number of valid signatures appear on the recall petition, the Tribal Council shall call a special recall election within sixty (60) days from receipt of the petition(s).

        c. Within thirty (30) days after the special recall election has been established a General Council meeting shall be held. The charging party shall present his or her allegations and proof against the accused member of the Tribal Council, and the accused member shall be given an opportunity to reply to all charges by presenting his or her allegations and proof to the, General Council.

        d. The ballot used for a recall election shall contain the question: "Shall [name of member(s)] be recalled from office on the Timbisha (Tribal) Council?". The ballot shall contain a space opposite such question in which the words "Yes-No" shall be printed so that the voter may indicate with a mark whether he or she wishes to vote for or against the recall of the member(s) so named. In the case of a recall of two (2) or more Council members, there shall be a separate ballot for each member being recalled.

        e. If a majority of the General Council members voting in a special recall election vote to recall the Council members or any other officer(s) of the Tribe named on the ballot, and provided that two‑thirds (2/3) of the General Council vote in said election, the Tribal Council shall immediately declare the Council member(s) or officer(s) to be recalled from office and his or her seat(s) shall be declared vacant.

ARTICLE XII
Referendum and Repeal

        Section 1.
        Upon receipt of a petition signed by three (3) Tribal Council members or at least one‑third (1/3) of the General Council members by the Secretary Treasurer of the Tribal Council demanding a referendum or a repeal of any proposed or enacted Tribal law or any action undertaken by the Tribal Council, the action(s) of the Tribal Council shall be either modified, repealed or sustained by the General Council in a general or special election to be held within twenty (20) days after receipt of the petition by the Tribal Secretary Treasurer.
        The election shall be called by the Tribal Council Chairperson and the vote of a majority of the members of the General Council voting in such referendum or repeal shall be conclusive and binding on the Tribal Council provided that at least two thirds (2/3) of the members of the General Council are present and cast their ballots therein. No absentee voting shall be allowed.

        Section 2.
        No referendum or repeal conducted pursuant to the provisions of Section 1 above shall serve to abrogate, modify or amend any properly executed contract or agreement approved by the Tribal Council and entered into with third parties.

ARTICLE XIII
Judiciary

        Section 1.
        The judicial power of the Tribe shall be vested in a Supreme Court and in such other inferior courts as the Tribal Council may from time to time establish. The Tribal Courts shall exercise jurisdiction over all cases and controversies within the Tribe's jurisdiction, in law and equity, whether civil or criminal in nature, that arise under this document, the laws of the Tribe, or which is vested in the Tribal courts by federal law.

        Section 2.
        The Supreme Court shall consist of a chief judge, appointed by the Tribal Council and confirmed by a majority vote of the General Council.

        Section 3.
        The duties and procedures of the courts shall be determined by the Tribal Council pursuant to Tribal law.

        Section 4.
        The tenure and salary of Tribal judges shall be established by statute of the Tribal Council. No person shall be appointed to the office of Tribal judge unless he or she is an enrolled member of the Tribe, not less than twenty one (21) years of age and has never been convicted of a felony or, within one year preceding his or her appointment, of a misdemeanor.

        Section 5.
        In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy jury trial, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, to be confronted with the witnesses against him, the right of cross examination, to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his or her favor, and to have the assistance of an advocate for his or her defense admitted to practice before the Tribal courts.

        Section 6.
        The General Council shall sit as a Court of Appeals whenever necessary and may hear appeals from the Supreme Court at any regular or special meeting. Whenever the General Council sits as an appellate court, their decision shall be final and binding upon all parties to the suit and not subject to review. The procedures of the General Council sitting as an appellate court shall be determined by the General Council at any regular or special meeting.

ARTICLE XIV
Bill of Rights

        Section 1.
        All members of the Tribe shall enjoy without hindrance, freedom of worship, conscience, speech, press, assembly and association.

        Section 2.
        This constitution shall not in any way alter, abridge or otherwise jeopardize the rights and privileges of the members of the Tribe as citizens of the State of California or the United states.

        Section 3.
        The individual property rights of any member of the Tribe shall not be altered, abridged or otherwise affected by the provisions of this document.

        Section 4.
        Tribal members shall have the right to review all Tribal records, including financial records, at any reasonable time in accordance with procedures established by the Tribal Council.

        Section 5.
        In accordance with Title II of the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 (82 Stat. 77) the Tribe in exercising its powers of self-government shall not:

        a. Make or enforce any law prohibiting the full exercise of religion, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition for a redress of grievances;

        b. Violate the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable search and seizure, nor issue warrants, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the person or thing to be seized;

        d. Compel any person in any criminal case to be a witness against himself;

        e. Take any private property for a public use without just compensation;

        f. Deny to any person in a criminal proceeding the right to a speedy trial, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, to be confronted with the witnesses against him, to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and, at his own expense, to have the assistance of counsel for his defenses.

        g. Require excessive bail, impose excessive fines, inflict cruel and unusual punishments, and in no event impose for conviction of any one offense any penalty or punishment greater than imprisonment for a term of six (6) months or a fine of $500.00 or both.

        h. Deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of its laws or deprive any person of liberty or property without due process of law.

        i. Pass any bill of attainder or ex post facto law.

        j. Deny to any person accused of imprisonment the right, upon request, to a trial by jury of not less than six (6) persons.

ARTICLE XV
Ratification

This document shall become effective when it has been ratified by a majority of the eligible voters of the Tribe at a special election called by the Secretary of the Interior in which at least thirty percent (30%) of the eligible voters vote and when it has been approved by the Secretary of the Interior.

ARTICLE XVI
Amendments

        This document may be amended by a majority vote of the eligible voters of the Tribe in an election called for that purpose by the Secretary of the Interior, provided that at least fifty percent (50%) of those entitled to vote shall vote in such election. Amendments adopted in this way may be submitted for approval to the Secretary of the Interior. The Secretary Treasurer shall call an election on a proposed amendment to the document upon receipt of a petition signed by at least one‑third (1/3) of the eligible voters of the Tribe or upon receipt of a resolution of. the Tribal Council.

ARTICLE XVII
Severability

        If any provision of this document shall in the future be declared invalid by a court of competent jurisdiction, the invalid provision shall be severed and the remaining provisions shall continue in full force and effect.

Timbisha Shoshone Tribe
P.O. Box 206
Death Valley, Ca. 92328
(619) 786‑2418

CONSTITUTION AND BY‑LAWS RESOLUTION N0. 86‑14